Most of the applications that you see on your desktop are available on the smart phone, at least the functions under different program names. Here are some of the applications that will be covered in this presentation: laguages, dictionaries & verbs, web browsers & editors, world-wide newspapers, text editors, office (suite), graphics programs , CAD, GPS, e-mail and social networks. Before starting, I would recommend that you would create a few folders in one of the shortcut screens, maybe the one having the file manager icon. You might name them as follows:dictionaries, languages, etc.
1) The process of creating a folder: press the menu button (while you are at the shortcuts screen), choose the Add button and touch it, from the select action pop-up window, choose the Add folder option. From the Select folder pop-up window, select New folder, the folder will appear infront of you. Now touch it and press header (folder title) and keep pressing for a second or 2, the rename folder pop-up window will appear in front of you can enter the folder name in the folder name field and touch OK.

2)Text editors & office apps: below is a file with a few text editors:

2-1) Text editors: example ones that run under Android OS are: Notepad (default), Ted, Just NotePad, 920 Text Editor, andEdit, Notepad+,Text Edit, Freewriter, another notepad.
2-1-1) Notepad (default): when you touch the Notepad icon a window with existing files built using notepad will open in front of you. If you want to add a new file, hit the Menu button in your phone a nd you will get a couple of options to choose from: Delete notes or Add a new note.Choose the Add new note, enter some daqta Now you touch the Menu button in your phone and a sub-menu will appear on the screen with 3 options, Save, Discard and Edit title, choose Save, your file will be saved under the text you entered on the first line. Now you can choose the file you have just created and touch the Menu button, you will get 4 choices to choose from: Discard, Delete, Edit title and Save (greyed out, inactive). Choose Edit title, in the Pop-up dialog box that will appear on the screen, enter the name of this file and hit OK (the file name is changed to the one you have just entered). Now you can more text files, open existing ones adding new data, deleting others, modifying your text and saving it.
2-1-2) Ted: touch the Ted icon, ablank page open with the emulated keyboard shown. Enter some text and then touch the Menu key on your phone, you would get 6 choices: New, Open, Save, Search, Recent files and More, choose the Save icon. A pop-up dialog box will appear in front of you where you can choose the folder to which yo are going to save your file, now in the file name field enter the file name and choose OK. Now, if you touch the the menu key on you phone, then you choose More, you would get a few choices which are: Save as, Settings and about. If you choose Settings you can select maximum number of recent files to be diaplayed (eg. 5), whether or not to show the line numbers, whether to activate or de-activate the word wrap option, choose the text size (eg. 16) and the end of line control character whether for Linux/Android/Unix, Windiows/Symbian/Palm or Mac/iIphone as well as whether to active the Automatic save or not.
2-1-3) Just NotePad: touch the icon perinent to this text editor, it will open a screen in front of you with a few icons at the top of the page (in the toolbar). The first icon for a new file, the second, tthe second icon lets you give a name to the file, the third would give you a list of recent files to choose from, the fourth would let yo open a file from you SDcard, the fifth icon is the to save the current file, the sixth is to close the current file, the seventh would allow you to publish the file to Facebook, the eighth to tweet it, the nineth to see it as an HTML file and the last icon allows you to search open (active) files for a specific word and it displays such files. The Menu key provides 4 choices which are: Revert, Send as mail, Background and Text options and On-line help.
2-1-4) 920 text editor: touch the icon of the text editor and a blank document will open infron of you with 6 icons in the top toolbar. The first is for a new blank document, the second to open an existing document (it would give a path to all folders/files on your external SD card, the thrd is the Save function, the fourth is the Save As function, the fifth and sixth are the ubdo and redo. If you toucj\h the Menu button, you will get 6 options which are: Reent files which would display the recent files opened by the user, Highlight code (eg. HTML/XML, php, C#, C++,...etc.) in a document, Encoding allows the user to choose the encoding of the characters (eg. UTF-8, ISO-8859,....etc), Search/replace which allows the user to search the document for certain words and replace them as well, Prefernces and Exit. Thre Preferences choice would include the settings for different document properties like View (which allows the user to set certain parameters regarding the display of the characters (font, font size, line numbers,...etc.), Highlight properties, Search properties, Other (auto save, auto indent, rememer last file,..etc.) and clearing history.
2-1-5) Freewriter: when you touch he icon a list of directories (folders) will open in front of you, at that time you can touch the Menu key on your phone, you will then get 3 options, a New Folder, New Text File and exit. Now, you can touch New Folder and in the pop-up window enter the folder name and touch OK. Now, touch one more time the Menu key but choose the Text File and enter is name and touch OK. Now you can enter whatever text and touch the Menu key, you will get 6 options which areSave File, which you can do now, Search, Show/hide text, Go to end, Options and More. The options choice would include among others the Fonts and colour settings (background as well as text). The more option would have the Save as and close.
2-1-6) another Notepad program: When you touch the icon, an untitled blank document will be opened. Enter some data, now touch the Menu key of you phone and choose Save. Now, you will have a list of directories (folders) infront of you. Choose the directory then touch Select button (at the bottom of the window). Enter the file nome in the pop- dialog window and touch OK. When you touch the Menu key you get 6 options one of them was the Save, the others are Save As, Open File, New, Recent Files and more. The More option would give the choice of the following actions: Delete File, Details (current file information, Send (you get a list of programs to chhose from including Gmail, Facebook, Bluetooth, Messaging, Twitter...), About, Exit and settings. The Settings option has 4 headings which are: display (which includes the selection of the font, text size, text color, background color & Selection color), Charset (which has the open and save file with your selection of the charset, when you touch any, you would get a list of all available character set encoding), File format (Auto, Mac, DOS, Unix) and dvanced (select language, auto update & reset to default).

2-1-7) Notepad+ text editor program: when you touch the notepad+ icon, you would get a blank document, when you touch the Menu button on your phone, you would get 6 options which are: New, Open, Save, Save as, Exit and More. Obviously all menu items are self-explenatory. If you choose the More option, you would get the following list to choose from, Serch, Find & Replace, To the top, The end, Settings and Recent files. If you choose Settings, you would get the following parameters to set: text encoding (auto, iso, utf,...), file format when saving (the default ia DosWin, you can choose betweeen Unix and Mac), Interface that would gice you even more parameters to modify (menu, orientation, text colour, background colour, font(size, font type), search & replace (key to search & highlight color), recent files (numer of files to display and the choice to clear history of previously opened files), file manager (default folder where you swve yor text documents, the addition of the file extension .txt & whether to show or not the system files and folders)autosave on exit (checked or not).

2-2) Below is a file with a few office apps:

At time of preparing this document, the kingsoft office package has 3 document types (word with .doc file extension, text with .txt file extension and spread sheet with .xls file extension, which is equivalent to excel). Documents to go has 3 typesequivalent to MS office suite components for presentation (.ppt), spread sheet (.xls) and word processor (.doc). Finally, the olive office has 3 file types, word processing, presentation and spread sheet.
2-2-1) Kingsoft office: when you touch the app icon, a screen will appear infront of you showing the recently usedviewed documents. If you want to start a new document, touch the menu button on your phone and a drop-down menu will appear in front of you, from which you can choose the new icon, a screen will be displayed in front of you to choose the type of document you want to create. Tese 3 options are: blank word, blank spread sheet and memo. When you click a document the blank document will appear on the screen where you can enter the data you want, then you touch the save as icon in the drp down menu. Now, you will choose the folder where you want to save the present file to, enter its name in the field and then touch the save icon close to the top of the screen. If the document you want to access appears on the screen when you open this app, then touch it and it will displayed in front of you can chose the pusbutton or the Zoom icon from the drop-down menu. If you perform the latter task, a slide bar will appear in front of you from you you can move to yyour rght to increase the text size (zooming in). The icons included in the drop-down menu are: layout, zoom, full screen, save, save as, undo, redo, search, font selection options, text alignment options and page setup.
2-2-2) Documents to go: when you touch the icon, you would get a registration form to fill now or later. after, you would get a screen having the following options: recent files, starred files, local files, google documents, desktop files and uograde store. Now if you touch the local files you would get a list of locally stored spread, word and presentation files. You touch the icon with the plus sign on and start adding new documents in any of the following 3 formats: msword. ms excel or ms powerpoint.
2-2-3) Oliveoffice: when you touch the app icon, th program will check for updates and give the choice to install the ur skip this step. If you hit the cancel push button, you would get a screen with the following options: recent files, starred files, local files, google docs, dropbox (files stored to your dropbox account), file search and update. Now, if you touch lets say the local files item, then from the menu that appears close to the top of the screen you choose the icon with the plus sign on (adding a new file), you would get a window with a title :create new document" and having the famous 3 choices ms word, ms excel and ms powerpoint. Now, lets say you would choose the word, a blank document appears infront of you with 7 icons at the top of the screen. You touch the first icon to create the new file (giving it a name and saving it in the folder that you want), so, enter and chooe the required data and touch ok. The secondicon, if you touch it will save the current document. If you touch the third icon, the keyboard wil be displayed on the screen. The fourth will give the ability to highlight portions of the text in your document, To desselect the text you cantouch the same icon or the one next to it. The sixth will display a pop-up window with font options where you can change and adjust. the seventh and last is the quit/exit icon.

3) Web browsers: there is the default browser plus a few others. Here are a few browsers that you may download and install on your Android smart phone: Miren, Opera-mobile, Ninesky, Dolphin, Angel and Sleipnir.
3-1) The default browser (mobile safari): when you touch the browser icon, the browser will open dispkaying (rendering) the home page, that you can set from the More then Settings menu items. Now, if you touch the menu button on your phone, a menu will open having 6 options which are: New window, Bookmarks, Windows, Refresh, Forward and More. if you touch the More icon, you get a new menu with the following items: Add bookmark, Find on Page, Select text, Page info, Share page, Downloads, Settings and About. If you choose the settings option, you would get all the settings that you may set/adjust divided into 4 headings: page content settings, privacy settings, security settings and advanced settings. The first heading would include the following: text size, default zoom, open pages in overview text encoding, block pop-up windows, load images, auto-fit pages, landscape only display, enable javascript, enable plug-ins, open in background & set home page. The second heading would include: clear cache, clear history, accept cookies, clear all cookie data, remember user input data in form fields, clear form data, enable location, clear location access. The third heading would include remember passwords, clear passwords, show security warnings. The fourth would include: set search engine, reset to default & website settings.
3-2) Miren browser: when you touch the browser icon, the screen displayed in front of you would have a table with a few favourite sites and a few others to add more favourite web sites plus 5 more buttons, top sites, bookmarks, history, rss feeds & downloads. If you touch the plus sign close to the top of the page you would get another tab with the same components as mentioned in the previous sentence. To add a favourite, you just have to press one of the empty boxes and entr the site url in the field shown (or if you already have it in the bookmarks, it will be displayed in front of you and you will just have to choose it). If you touch the menu button on the phone, 8 options will appear, which are bookmarks, home, share, brightness, settings, downloads, exit app and more. If you choose the more you would get the following options to choose from: select text, screen lock, feedback, find on page, back and UA (user agent). Now if you choose Settings option, you would get a screen for the common settings. From the bottom of the screen you can switch from common to advanced setting items and vice versa. The common settings would include: text size, panorama mode, load images (enable, disable, enable only when on wi-fi), smart full screen, volume button setting, action for sliding on page edges (none, go back or forward, switch tabs), always show tabs, bandwidth saving mode (disable, enable, enable with non-wifi connections), clean cache, reset to default settings an about miren browser. With the advanced settings, you would get a list: web page, gesture & operation, privacy and security, browser data full-screen control and download settings. Each one of these headings will have a set of sub-settings. The wb page would give the following options to set: text size, load images, display flash content, wap support, sve cache to sd card, user agent, encoding, page zoom setting, reading mode forum mode, block pop-ups, exit confirmation, set homepage and app upgrade. The gesture and operation settings would include: volume button setting (default, scroll page or switch tab), enable volume button setting (always or only if no music), action for sliding on page edges, single click action (open link in current tab, open link in new tab and switch focus to it or open link in new tab in background) and long click action (show context menu, open link in new tab and switch focus to it or open link in new tab in background). The privacy & security settings would include: clear cache, clear history, clear cookies, clear cache on exit, remember form date, clear form data, remember passwords, clear saved passwords, enable geolocation and disable geolocation. The browser data would include the following options: one key backup, one key import (data restore) and automatic backup. The full screen control would include the following settings: smart full screen, always show tabs, status bar (always show, always hide or auto) and floating buttons (show, auto-hide, never show floating buttons or hide back/forward in full screen mode). The download option would have 2 setting: stop download automatically when leaving wi-fi environment and choose the folder where the downloaded files will be stored in.

3-3) Angel browser: when you touch the icon, you would the home screen (the default is a speed dial). At the bottom of the screen, you have six icons (mini-buutons), 4 are already set and 2 that you may set yourself. The first icon is the home one, the second is the bookmark, the third is the setting, the fourth and sixth you can set it, the fifth is equivalent to the phone menu button.the speed dial icon. To set the fourth button, long-press it and you will get a screen with options to choose from, choose the back option. Now, go to the sixth icon and long-press it, choose forward. You can change as well the icon (fifth) having the equivalent to the phone menu button by long-pressing it. You can change to refresh for instance. You quite of a few functions to set these icons to: empty, menu, back, forward, refresh, home, bookmarks, screenshot, read later, add bookmarks, add screenshot, add read later, share page, social, settings, page info, local square, application launcher, select text, zoom in, zoom out, page up, page down, most up, most down, move right tab, move left tab, up key, down key, left key, right key, enter key, more, terminal info, notes, show cursor, change background colour, translate, download history, tab history, find on page, help, close tab, exit, sensor auto scroll, scroll menu, gesture, global search, create a qr (quick response) code, switching display tab, address bar display switch, status bar display switch, quick tabs, quick ua setting, changing brightness and plug-in. When you touch the settings icon (second one), you would get the following options to set: home witha drop-down list having speed dial, a list of bokkmarks or a specific URL, the next option is whether to display the status bar or not, dispaly tab, display address bar, show custom menu, show tab move buttons when scrolling, format web pages to fit the screen, open pages in overview, fixed auto-rotate, keep screen on, UA (desktop, android,.....), show page-down button, choose the search engine (google, yahoo or bing), text encoding, text size and default zoo. The previously mentioned options can all fall under the preferences heading. The other 2 settings groups are the privacy and the advanced. The privacy would include the following options to set: clear cache, accept cookies, clear cookie data, remember form data, clear form data, remember passwords, clear passwords, remember history, clear history, clear web search, enable location, clear location access, launch application & registration pattern, preferred ua settings, do not appear in the list and launch by default. The advanced settings would include: active tab click (would have 3 options: show tab menu, show tab history or close tab), double tap (would have the following options disable, full screen, zoom in/out, share page, quick tabs, show cursor, quick ua setting, gesture, custom menu on/off, close tab), link long click (gives you the following options open in new tab and switch, open in new tab in background or show link options), image long click (would give the following options download or show menu), screen long click/touch (disable, full screen, show menu, quick tabs, quick ua setting, share page, gestur or switching display tab), back-button long click (close tab, exit or tab history), clicking search button (find on page, show cursor, gesture or web search), clicking volume buttons (default android action, switch tabs, scroll up/down page, focus up/down key or zoom in/out), left or right flick would do nothing, go back and forward or switch tabs, when moving backward or forward either possible or not without reloading page, customizing your gestures, setting your download directory, video download (download store or watch streaming), enable plug-ins (always on, on-demand or off), screenshot data (internal or SD card), read later data (internal or SD card), load images whether or not display images in web pages, download time, confirmation dialog on exiting application, exit settings whether to clear or not cache on exiting, starting with the last page before exiting or not, show or not pinch zoom button, menu position *bottom, center or top), display or not a message on web page load, all-in-one search, bookmarks item sorting and trackball enabling or disabling.

3-4) opera mobile: it is quite similar to the its desktop counterpart. When you touch the browser icon, the speed dial screen appears. If you long touch the plus sign a dialog box will appear in front of you to enter the web site url you want to store in the speed dial screen. The bottom of the screen has 5 icons, one to move the screen backward, the second forward, the rhird is the refresh icon, the fourth has a pull-up mini screen to add (or close by touching the x image) tabs, the last gives you a pull-up screen with nine buttons. These buttons or icons are: bookmarks, history, start page (speed dial), saved pages, downloads, settings, find in page, share and help. if you touch the settings icon, you would get a list of parameters to adjust/set. The parameters are: load image (on or off), opera turbo (always off, always on or off when on wi-fi), opera link (off or if on you would have to enter user name. e-mail and password to create an account to enable this free service that synchronizes the bookmarks, speed dial and search engine between all your computters and phones), single column view (on or off), status bar (on or off), navigation bar (on or off), zoom (give the choice between 75% to 200% in 25% steps), text wrapping (on or off), privacy and advanced. The privacy settings would give the following options: remember passwords (on or off), accept cookies (on or off), clear history, clear passwords, clear cookies, clear cache, clear shared location. The advanced would include the ua (whether mobile or desktop) and the exit buttonv (whether on or off).
3-5) Ninesky browser: when you touch the browser icon, you would open the app and get the home page (or dashboard as it is called in Ninesky browser). The dashboard would have 2 tabs, navigation and tools. The navigation tab would have the speed dial web sites, top sites, reading, entertainment and lifestyle buttons. You can add your favourite sites to the speed dial portion of the ecreen. By pressing long on the plus sign you would get 2 options to choose from select a bookmark or add a new site, if you choose the latter you would be prompted to enter a name for the site and the url address of the site, then you press ok. If you touch the tools tab, you would get the following icons: extensions, bookmarks, downloads, history, reading list, feedback, rate me. now, if you look to the bottom of the screen, you would see 5 icons which are: a backward arrow, a forward one, a menu button (if you press it, you get a pull-up menu list with 3 tabs: general, setting & tool), the duplicate icon, if you touch it you would have a chance to add another dashboard to your screen, from the same icon you can close other dashboards (you can add dashboards by touching the plus sign close to the top of the screen and close dashboards by touching the x at the tab corner) and the last icon is the home one. The general tab of the menu button(on the screen or phone) would have the followingoptions: bookmarks, add to bookmarks, reading list, read & like. full screen, download and ecxit. the setting tab would have the following options: turn on low carbon (if selected, will not display images or play flashes), privacy toggle icon (if selected, will not record visit history, save cache or cookies and remember input data & passwords), page optimization on or off (if on, web page will load faster and fit for mobile screen, but some advanced features will be disabled like video playing,..), night mode, display orientation (always portrait, always landscape or follows default system setting), settings (which if clicked will display 3 tabs with the following headings: general, advanced and security). The tool tab of the menu icon would have 4 options namely, share page, find on page, cozy, feedback and about.Now back to the settings option on the setting tab, if you touch the settings icon, you would get a screen with the 3 tabs mentioned previously and the following options on the first tab (general): text size (tiny, small, normal, large or huge), default zoom (far, medium or close), ua (android, iphone, ipad, desktop-chrome or desktop-firefox) and reset to default settings. The advanced tab would have the following parameters: low carbon mode (on or off), load images (on or off), flash (on or off), auto fit paages (Oon or off), overview mode (on or off) and you choice of text encoding (eg. unicode/UT-8, Latin-1, chinese, japanese,..). And finally, he security tab would have the following parameters to set: block pop-up windows (on or off), security warning option (show all security checks or only show risk warning), privacy mode (on or off), clear history gives you the option to clear any or all of the following: visit cache data, cookies, form data, form password, and location data and the final parameter is the clear download history.

3-6) Dolphin browser: when you touch the browser icon, you would get a tab (new tab) with 2 sub-tabs (headings): speed dial and webzine. If you touch the webzine heading you would get a screen with a decorated boxes or certain web sites and a button to your right written in it featured. If you hit the featured area (rectangle) you would get a list of sites with a couple of buttons at the bottom of the screen, search all and view more. When you press any of the sites, you would four icons at the bottom of the screen, the first to take you to the previous page (move backward), the second addsthe site in front of you to the webzine part of you home page, the third icon would display the tab of the page you have infront of you and the last would refresh the web page you have displayed in fornt of you. In the wbzine section if you press long on a rectangle (site), you would get the option to delete it. Now, if you press the menu button on the phone, you would et a pull-up menu with 6 choices which are: refresh,bookmarks, toolbar, forward, exit and more. If you choose the toolbar, the frame infront of you would move to your left and 3 icons appear. These icons are: fullscreen (vs. normal display of the web page), add-on/themes and adding/duplicating or deleting tabs. The more icon would give a list of options: add bookmark, find on page, select text, share page, save page, mobile view (GWT, google webkit tool), downloads and settings. If you touch the settings option in the more pull-up menu item, then you would get a screen with the following items: dolphin settings, page content settings, data storaage, backup & restore, webzine settings, sign up for updates, reset to default, about, setup wizard and dolphin account setting. The setup wizard would ask to choose your preferences: flash plugin (always on, on demand or never) after you choose your preference you touch next, gesture setting (hide entry, bottom left or bottom right), data storage (cache to phone or cache to SD card), volume button (default android action, scroll up/down page or switch tabs), ua (android which is the default, desktop, iphone, ipad or custom), others (in which you can tick any or both these optionsadd short cut to home screen and show pinch-zoom button), import bookmarks (from dolphin original, dolphin mini and stock) and then press finish and you are done. Now, if you touch the dolphin settings you would get the following parameters to set: ua, volume button, orientation (auto, landscape, portrait), new tab settings give the option to show the bookmarks bar or not, exit settings (give the choice to clear cache and/or history and/or cookies whebn existing the app), enable or not swipe action, enable long press menu, keep status bar, show pinch-zoom button or not, keep screen on or not, open in background or not, open in new tab or not, download in background, set search engine (a choice between google, yahoo and bing), search suggestion (yes or no), set or not as default browser, set home page gives the choice between using the new page tab or having your favourite web page. The page content setting would give th chance to set the following parameters: text size, default zoom, text encoding, open pages in overview, block pop-up windows, load images, auto-fit pages, enable javascript and nable pug-ins. The data storage settings would have the following parameters, cache to sd card, browsing without history, clear data (cache, history, html5 data, cookie data, form data, passwords and location access), privacy and security dealing with accepting cookies, remembering form data & passwords, enabling location and showing security warnings and setting the download directory. The backup and restore settings would include the import bookmarks, backup of data (settings, bookmarks and other web data) to sd card, restoring such data frm sd card to app.webzine settings that would include the webzine text size, loading images either auto or manual and clearing webzine cache. The signing up for updates would include entering your e-mail address.


3-7) Sleipnir mobile browser: when you touch the icon, you get the home page opened. If you press the menu button on your phone, you get a pull-up menu with six options, tab group, bookmark list, full screen, home, forward and more. If you pres tab list you go to the tab list screen where you can manage your tabs, close tabs, add pages, to tabs,..etc. If you close all tabs and hit the backward buutton on your phone, you would get the speed dial screen having close to its bottom 2 buttons, home and bookmarks. Now, if you touch the more icon, you would get a list odf parameters/options to set. These options are:share page, search within this page, select text, download history, settings and exit application. When you choose exit app, you would have to confirm and select (or unselect) clear history and/or cache as well as closing all tabs. When you choose settings, you get a few parameters to set that are divided into a few headings (sections). These sections are: bookmarks, tab, security, gesture, privacy, user interface, details, and other. The bookmarks option would hav 2 parameters to adjust which are bookmark management and add quickly. The tab section would include the following settings: new tab ((most visited or home), home (you enter the url address of your home page), restore tabs (ask on exit or do not restore tabs), security (save password, clear password, security warning, gesture (flick side to side, up-right/up-left, L-shape, U-shape, circle, double clockwise swirls and the s, for search), privacy (clear cache, clear history, accept cookies or not, clear all cookie data), user interface (enable zoom button or not, enable scroll grip, display button on tab bar), details (enable hold and go,ask when downloading, always or not enable plugins, manage page display mode). And finally the other option would let you discover the app (how to use it), license and about the app.

The other common browsers are: Boat browser, Maxthon broweser and xScope.
4) The most commonly used e-mail programs are: yahoo, gmail and hotmail.The most important issue with mail programs is the sunc (synchronization) of the contact, inbox, sent,..and other folders between the remote server and your phone. once this is done done properly, the rest are more or less similar to accessing your mail, composing a new message, replying to an incoming mail from your laptop/netbook.
4-1) Yahho mail: after downloading, installing, adding your accounts and synchronizing your contacts, inbox and other folders, you open the e-mail app by touching the icon. Now, you will get as creen (named folders, you have another heading Accounts) with the following items: the inbox, the drafts folder, the sent folder, the spam and trash folders. Yiu would also get the smart folders which are email from contact, photos and files as well as those ones that you previously created on you email server, If you press the menu button on you phone, you would gett 6 icons, one to compose a new email, the second is the search icon, the third is the refresh, the fourth is the messenger, the fifth is the options icon and the last is the more one. If you choose the more, you would a list having the following functionsL empty trash, empty spam and add a folder. If you press options, you would get a list in which the first item is the general settings followed by a list of your accounts registered in the email app on your phone. If you choose the general settings, then you are given the following opyions to set: notifications sounds or not, message preview (dispaying a couple of lines of a message) or not, enable ssl and about. If you choose any of your email accounts you would get the following list to set its items: notify in ststus bar when email arrives, synch yahoo contacts, show signature and the signature to include at the end of your email message. Now if you choose the search icon you get a screen with acouple of pull-down lists to Filter the search accordingly entire message, from, to or subject and emails, photos or attachments, now you enter the word or whatever you are looking for and you would get a list of emails containing your search criteria. Now if you are in the folders screen and you press accounts, you would get a screen with a menu item manage anda list of all your accounts.If you tap manage you get a screen with 2 buttons, one to add additional account or accounts and one to remove accounts. If you press Add, you would get a screen to enter the username and the password as well as a sync contacts option that you set to yes or no (by ticking the square next to it).
4-2) gmail: when you touch the gmail icon, you would go directly to th inbox of your account. If you press your account to the right-hand-side top corner of your screen, you would get a list of all accounts registered (and synced) on your phone. From there you can choose the content of the inbox you would like displayed in front of you. If you press the inbox button to your left-hand side top corner of your screen, you would get a list of all folders yo have created or created by default in your email account. (eg. spam, trach, chats, outbox, sent, drafts, all mail, important, starred, priority, hydropower, biomass, ..). Now, if you press the menu button of your phone, yopu would get six options to choose from: refresh, compose, accounts, go to labels (i.e. different folders you have in this account), search and more. If you press refresh you get the content (messages) of the folder you are in updated. If you press compose, you would get a blank message, to add the address of the receiver (to field), the subject and the content of the message. Then if you to add a file to your mesage, you would press your phone menu button, and get six choices which are send, save as draft, add cc/bc, attach a file, discard and help. If you do not want to perform any of the following tasks, you can press the icon to the top of your screen to send your message. Now, if you press the menu button in your phone, then choose mre, you would get a pull-up list with 3 choices, settings, help and about. If you choose settings, you would get a list, the first heading is general preferences and then a list of your accounts.If you choose the general preferences, you have to set the following: message action, clear search history and clear show pictures. If you choose any of your accounts, you would get a few parameters to set (which are divided into general and notifications): priority inbox, signatureconfirm actions (archive, delete, send or none), replay all (making it the default for responding to messages), auto-advance, message text size, batch operations (which allows label operations on more than one message/conversation), sync inboxes and labels (allows you to choose which labels to be synchronized), email notifications (labels to notify).

4-3) Hotmail: when you click the hotmail icon, you would get your home screen with a top menu having the following items (other than the home) all emails, your username (account), and search by contact as well as a push button at the bottom of the screen with add hotmail account caption. If you are at home and you tap the menu button on your phone, you would get the following options: general settings, support, pause and about. If you choose the general settings, you get the following parameters to set: character display/encoding (eg. utf-8), display delete confirmation message or not, notifications and alerts (notification methods upon receipt on new emails, audio, vibtate and/or message notification), support tools (advanced settings, log level and hotmail support), attachments settings (default folder for attachments), terms of use and enabling or not the app password protection. If you are at all emails on the main menu and you press the menu button on you phone, you would get a couple of options, compose and sort. If you are at your user name, you would get 6 optionsm, namely, check mail, pause, compose, account settings, sort and change folders. If you choose the change folders, you would get a screeen listing all folders in your accout with a push button at the bottom having folder settngs as caption. If you press it, you would get a list of folders to be able to choose from and refresh. If you choose the account settings option, you would get the following parameters to set: email (in which you have to set the following options: time limit i.e. messages from how many passed days, message size limit,10 kb, 25 kb,.., email read format html or text, adding signature to new emails or not, adding signature to replied and forwarded emails or not, the text that you want to appear in your signature and reply to header), folders (in which you set the folders you want synced), calenar (in which you can sign out, sync contact nd/or clendar), sync new calendars, contacts, quiet time, sychronization type i.e. how frequently you want to synchronize your account, general settingsmentioned previously , refreshing data and rmoving account from your phone.
5) Graphics: there are quite a few graphics-related apps in smart phones, just to list a few, skitch, sketch n draw, sketcher, sketch n paint, andcad, efinger paint and photoshop.
5-1) Skitch: when you click the skitch icon, you would get the home page that has 3 icons, the camera, the open (select picture, from gallery for example) and the new (plus sign), that when chosen open a blank document, where you enter shapes, text, move around, giving different colours, deleting it or part of it and then share it by sending it to your email account where you can download, use it or modify it. Below is an example for sketches produced by skitch app.

Now, if you open a blank document, wou would have on the same screen a top icons menu and a bottom on. The bottom menu would have 6 icons. They are the clour an thickness selector, the pen tool (free-hand drawing), the arrow (to draw arrows), the pointer/selector of components (after selecting the component of the drwing you can move it or delete it by touching the can, second top menu icon), the text tool (you touch it draw a square on the scree, it will appear in dashed lines, enter your text, move it around or even change its colour), the last icon in the bottom menu is a square from which you can choose the shape you are going to draw, a circle, a line or a square. The top menu would have the home icon, the recycle (deleting) icon, the undo/redo and the share ones.
5-2) Sketch n draw: when you touch the icon you will be presented with a blank document. If you press the menu button of your phone an inversed L-shaped menu will appear in front of you. The first icon (bottom-left) will allow you to choose the colour of your pen/brush, the next one gives the option to choose the brush shape including an eraser option (eg.web, squares, circles, grid,...), the one after mwould ake the menu icons disappear and let you enter the components of your drawing and the last adjusts the brush size.. The first icon from the top gives the choice of the size of the canavas (eg. default, 480x320, 800x480,...), the second icon from the top saves your drawing and gives the location (folder) and file name, the third icon lets you share your art or even send it to your email address to be able to download it to your netbook (or whatever device), the fourth let you undo your most recent action and the fifth is the redo icon and the sixth erases everything infront of you.

5-3) Sketcher: can draw straight lines in the x and y axes. When you press the icon you get a blank document in the landscape orientation. When you press the menu button on your phone, you would get a menu with six icons. They are undo, clear (delete), color, size, style and more. The more would give you thev options to save your sketch, share t as well as setting your preferences which is basicall clearinfg the screen when shaking the device or not. The color would give the facility to choose the pen colour, the size would give the chance to select the thickness of your pen (from 1 to 9), the style would give the chance to set the style of the line (whether solid, dashed as well as other few styles). To draw vertical lines (up and down) use the roller bar to your right and move it upward or downward, to move your cursor in the horizontal direction (right or left), use the roller bar to you left. If youmove it upward you would move to your right and downward to you left.

5-4) Sketch n paint: when you tap the icon, you get a blank canvas (document). At the bottom there are 7 icons. When you tap the first you get the dialog box regarding the canvas type (use same canvas, new canvas or photo that gives the option o view you gallery of pictures to choose one from there). The second icon gives the user the chance to choose the shape of the brush, its size and pressure. The third icon would let you choose the colour of the brush. The fourth icon provides the undo action and the fourth is the redo icon. The fifth is the movie icon, if you press it you would get a video display (player) with full set of buttons and the picture is built infornt of you as you have created in steps. And the last is the zoom icon.

5-5) AndCAD: for an introduction to CAD, in general, you may refer to the following link:An introduction to CAD. For a few common open source CAD programs and a couple or so secreenshots for qCAD, you may refer to the following link:CAD packages. when you touch the AndCAD icon, the app opens with a tip. Then you would get the dilog box regarding the layer property to select from: simple layer set, use empty layer set or use custom layer set. The properties of each type is displayed when you touch the help icon next to each layer type. After selecting the layer set type, you are taken to a bllank drawing screen where youcan start entering, your drawing elemets. At the bottom of this screen there is the toolbar, the bottom set of icons, and another set of icons displayed above the bottom ones and they are function of the icon you touch on the toolber (bottom row). From left to right the (bottom) icons in the toolbar are: file, modify, view, create, text/dim, snap, input, layers. If you touch the file icon, you would get the following icons displayed above the toolbar: new file, open file, save file, import dxf, export dxf, options, load image, exit, about and help. If you tap the second icon in the toolbat (modify), you get the following icons displayed above the toolbar: select, layer painter, undo, redo, erase, move, copy, rotate, scale and break. The view icon would display the following: pan zoom, zoom all, zoom 100%, zoom in, zoom out, grid toggle settings and layout togle. The create icon would give you the option to do the following: draw a line, rectangle, circle, a 2-point circle, an ars,a poliline, a polygon, a polystar nd point. The text/dim icon would allow you to edit text/note, to enter text to your drawing or a note, to set the drawing scale, to measure any distance in your drawing, to draw a linear and aligned dimension. The snap icon would dislay the following sub-icons: snap toggle/settings, snp to end point of line, snap midpoint, snap grid, snap center, snap quad, snap to the intersction of 2 lines (objects), snap perpendicular, snap tangent snap point, snap nearest, ortho toggle (allows only the drawing of horizontal and vetical lines), orth 45 (allows the drawing of lines inclined 45 degrees fom the y-axis in any dirction) and isometric toggle. The input icon would display the input panel (the iput panel has numbers from 0 to 9, plus special characters and a few with specific functions written on each of them which are: last, ref (@), feet, back, go, The layers manager would display the layers dialog properties, make visible, make invisible, delete,..etc. With this we come to the end of this coverage of apps of Android smart phones, but there will be a continuation with more apps under the following heading Smart phones, more apps.

Introduction: The renewable energy resources can be classified into solar energy, wind energy, energy from biomass & landfill gas, geothermal energy, wave & tidal energies. Solar energy (i.e. its effect) may be used in one of the following ways to generate electricity heating (thermal), light photons (photovoltaic), temperature gradient (in oceans & solar ponds). The wind energy is used either with horizontal-axis or vertical-axis wind turbines to convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical energy (in the blades of the turbine). With biomass, any one of the following methods may be used to generate electricity: direct combustion or gasification / pyrolysis.Mthane collected from landfills or anaerobic digestion process may be used in generating electricity. Any of the available forms of the available geothermal energy (low, moderate or high temperature) can be used to generate electricity. Wave energy may be utilized to generate electricity through the use of the oscillating water column (OWC) turbine to generate electricity. From tidal energy, electricity can be generated using the bulb, rim or tubular turbines.

The solar energy:
The solar energy is used to generate electricity and for heating purposes. The methods of using the solar energy to generate electricity can be classified into: thermal (heat), photovoltaic (light, photon), ocean (temperature gradient) and solar ponds (temperature gradient). The first, namely thermal, can be classified into: parabolic trough, central receiver (power tower) and parabolic dish with Sterling cycle engine. The second method, namely photovoltaic, uses the light (photons) in the solar energy to convert it into electricity. The materials (crystals) used to achieve such conversion is classified into: thick film (mono or polycrystalline), and thin film. The third method, namely ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) makes use of the fact that the water on the surface (top) of the ocean is hotter than the deeper water. A temperature gradient is thus created that can be used to heat an intermediate fluid that is then used in generating electricity. This method can be subclassified into: open and closed cycles. The fourth, namely solar ponds, where the temperature gradient is created artificially by adding salt to the pond water (site). The water in the depth will be hotter than surface water. This temperature gradient will be used to generate heat thus saving on electricity consumption with heating loads or to generate electricity.
The parabolic trough method: it uses the curved trough reflectors to concentrate the sun energy onto a receiver pipe running along the inside of the curved surface. This energy heats up oil flowing in the pipe and the heat energy then is used to generate steam in heat exchangers, then steam is used to generate electricity in conventional steam generators. The power rating can go as high as 80 MW.
The central receiver (power tower): The sun's energy is concentrated by a field of hundreds on mirrors (known as heliostats) onto a receiver located on top of a tower. This energy heats water or molten salt flowing through the receiver. The salt's heat energy is then used to generate electricity in conventional steam generators. The power output ranges from 30 to 200 MW for molten salt and up to 10 MW for water.
The dish/engine system: it is a standalone unit that is composed of a collector, a receiver and an engine. The sun's energy is collected and concentrated by a dish-shaped surface onto a receiver that absorbs the energy & transfers it to the engine's working fluid. The engine converts the heat to mechanical power in a manner similar to conventional engines (compressing the working fluid when it is cold, heating the compressed fluid & then getting it to expand through a turbine or piston to produce the work that will be converted into electricity in a generator or alternator). The power rating for such design can go up to 30 KW.
Photovoltaic (PV) systems: Generating electricity from such systems can be classified broadly into stand alone or grid connected. The basic elements that are common to both applications are: the cells which when put together form the module & when the modules are put together form the array, batteries to store the dc generated from the PV array, the inverter to invert the dc into ac to be connected to the different loads. The ratings of a PV system can be classified according to the application of the system either it falls under residential for the domestic sector (1 to 5 KWpeak),  integrated for the commercial and industrial sectors (10 to 250 KWp) or centralized for utility generation & distribution sectors (100 KWp to 5 MWp).
<>Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): The generation from the temperature gradient in oceans also benefits from the solar energy. It utilizes the temperature difference between the warm surface sea water and the cold deep ocean water to generate electricity. There are 2 distinct cycles any of which can be used to generate electricity: closed (vapourizing low boiling temperature fluid) or opened (vapourizing hot sea water) cycle. A temperature difference between the hot and cold water of 20 deg C is required to be able to generate electric energy using OTEC technology. The 3 different types/installations are: land based  & near shore facilities, shelf mounted or free floating. The rating of such plants can go as high as 100 MW.
Solar ponds: it is another method that uses the temperature gradient in water to generate electricity. This technology is termed salinity gradient. A solar pond is created if convection or evaporation is reduced so that the heat collected by the pond is stored. It is a shallow body of saline water several meters deep (salinity increases with depth). Solar radiation entering the pond is stored as heat in the lower layer. The temperature (heat) up to 80 deg C is available on a 24 hour basis. Solar ponds can be used for heating purposes thus saving on electrical energy consumption (for heating applications). Practically, solar ponds are used to generate electricity through Rankine cycle engine up to 70 KW.

The wind as a source of electrical energy:
Wind is simply air in motion. All renewable energies (except geothermal & tidal) plus energy in fossil fuels comes from the sun. About 1 to 2 % of the energy coming from the sun is converted into wind energy. Wind is caused by the uneven heating of the earth by the sun. The heating varies with time and with reflectance of surface.
Wind generators: the basic components of a wind generating power system are: the rotor including the blades, the gear-box, the generator, the batteries, the sensors, the controls and the tower. The horizontal wind turbine produces electricity by using the natural power of wind to drive a generator. The blades (1, 2 or 3) rotate around a horizontal hub. The hub is connected to the gear-box and generator, which are located inside the nacelle. The nacelle houses the electrical components and is mounted at the top of the tower. There is another design, though is rarely used, the vertical axis wind turbine which does not use a tower or a yaw mechanism. It has the motor and other controls on the ground. The main disadvantage of such design is that it has lower efficiency as the air speed closer to ground is much lower than at 40 or 50 meters high.
The elements of a typical wind turbine system:
1) The rotor with a diameter up to 65 meters.
2) The blades of the rotor, 1 or 2 or 3 of them. Most installations will have 3 blades. The blades are made of glass fiber polyester or wood-epoxy. The rotor operates at a constant speed 15 to 50 rpm or at a variable speed.
3) The generator (induction - asynchronous or synchronous) is gear box or directly driven.
4) The yaw mechanism turns the turbine to face the wind. The sensors are used to monitor the wind direction and the tower head is turned to line up with the wind.
5) The towers can be any of the following tubular made of steel (painted gray) or lattice tower (25-80 meters height).
The power is controlled automatically as wind speed changes. The turbines are stopped at very high speeds to protect them from damage due to high winds. There are basically 2 methods to control the power output: the pitch control and the stall control. In the first method control is achieved through the change of the angle of the blade of the rotor. The second is a passive control that would stall the rotor at high speeds because of the inherited design of the blades of the rotor, their thickness & twisting. The capacity of such systems varies from several kilowatts to 1.5 MW (the longer the blade, the larger the swept area, the greater the energy output).

Energy from biomass including landfill gas and anaerobic digestion:
Electrical energy can be generated from biomass. Biomass (organic material) can be classified into:
1) Water & land based vegetation & trees.
2) Virgin biomass.
3) Waste biomass which can be further classified into:
3.1) municipal solid waste (MSW), municipal biosolids (sewage) & animal waste (manures).
3.2) Forestry & agricultural residues.
3.3) Certain types of industrial wastes.
Electrical energy can also be generated from gas collected from landfill sites. The gas generated by decomposition of organic material at landfill disposal sites is approximately 50% methane. Anaerobic digestion is a biochemical process by which organic matter is decomposed by bacteria in the absence of oxygen producing methane (about 60%) and other byproducts. The methane collected in either cases is used as a fuel in gas boilers to evaporate water into steam that expands in a steam turbine rotating a generator thus generating electric energy. The methane can also be used to fire a gas turbine directly.
With Biomass, any one of the following processes is used to generate electricity: direct combustion, gasification or pyrolisis of biomass. Pyrolysis means the thermal destruction of organic material in the absence of oxygen (usually without the addition of steam). Gasification methods can be further classified into air-based (direct) or indirect gasification cycles. In the former, the biomass is partially oxidized by oxygen amounts, with steam present, to provide the energy needed for the thermal conversion of the biomass to gases & organic vapours. In the latter, an external heat, instead of oxygen, is used to provide the energy for the high temperature steam gasification of the organic fraction of biomass to organic gases and vapours (non condensible vapours). If the primary products are condensible vapours, the process is considered pyrolysis.
Direct combustion can be classified into biomass firing or co-firing (co-utilization) which means the introduction of biomass as a supplementary source in high efficiency boilers. These boilers may require minor modifications. The biomass direct combustion methods are: pile burner, stoker grate, bubbling (atmospheric) fluidized bed, circulating (atmospheric) fluidized bed and suspension burners. The co-firing methods are: pulverized coal fired, fluidized bed (atmospheric & pressurized) and spreader stoker.

Geothermal energy:
It is heat (thermal) derived from the earth (geo). It is the thermal energy contained in the rock and fluid (that fills the fractures & pores within the rock) in the earth's crust. This energy resource can be classified into low (less than 90 deg C or 194 deg F), moderate (90 - 150 ?C or 194 - 302 ?F) & high (greater than 150 ?C or 302 ?F) temperature. It is also classified into whether the energy (heat) is used directly or indirectly (through heat pump or power plant). The direct use of such heat is in industrial processes, in growing fish, to heat building and for greenhouse growers. In power generation 1 of 3 methods is used. The first, the direct use, where the energy coming out from the ground is mainly dry steam. This steam is piped directly into a dry steam power plant to provide the force that will spin the turbine generator. The second is the use of the energy in flash power plant. Water is brought up to the surface through the production well, where upon release from the pressured deep reservoir, some of the water flashes into steam. The steam, from the separator, powers the turbine. The last method is used in binary plants, where the geothermal water is passed through a heat exchanger (heat is transferred into a second - binary - liquid that boils at a lower temperature than water). The binary liquid flashes to vapour that expands across and spins the turbine blades.

Wave and Tidal energy: Electricity can be generated from waves. The power output can be as high as .5 MW per installation. The generating devices can be classified into fixed (shoreline, near shore line or sea bed) installation or floating one. There are a few designs for the fixed installation from which the most common is the oscillating water column (OWC) where a column of air contained above the water level is alternately compressed & decompressed (creating a high speed air in an exit blowhole). This air stream is allowed to flow to the atmosphere through a pneumatic turbine that is used as the prime mover to the generator.
Tidal energy (twice daily variation in sea level) is caused by the gravitational effect of the moon and to a lesser extent of the sun on the oceans. The earth's rotation is also a factor in the production of tides. Plants up to 240 MW can be built, though function of the location as not all locations are suitable for such installations. The generation of electricity can be accomplished during the outgoing tide (ebb) or the incoming tide. The former being more common. The tidal systems can be classified into barrage, fence or tidal turbines (which are more or less similar in shape to the wind turbines). The barrage technology includes the bulb, rim or tubular turbines.